[2023] Welcome to The Internet History Sourcebooks Project, a collection of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts presented cleanly (without advertising or excessive layout) for educational use. They are the most direct evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. [6] Keaveney places his departure to 93. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix (/ s l /; 138-78 BC), commonly known as Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman.He won the first large-scale civil war in Roman history and became the first man of the Republic to seize power through force.. Sulla had the distinction of holding the office of consul twice, as well as reviving the dictatorship.A gifted and innovative general, he achieved . In a typical year, the Graduate Acting Department will personally audition more than 800 students in order to select an ensemble of 16 actors. [106] Roman forces then surrounded the Pontic camp. The collection currently contains . 106/10 The quaestor L.Sulla arrives at Marius' camp with reinforcements from Archelaus then hid in the nearby marshes before escaping to Chalcis. Marius, offering his services to Cinna, helped levy troops. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. He married again, with a woman called Aelia, of which nothing is known other than her name. The Mithridatic War (88 - 85 BC) Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to the truth of what actually happened during an historical event or time period. Primary Source 10. (5) Horace, Epode (c. 35 BC) Through Sulla's reforms to the Plebeian Council, tribunes lost the power to initiate legislation. Beginning Research Activities Student activities designed to help . [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. Contact: Research Help Desk, University Library Colorado State University-Pueblo 2200 Bonforte Blvd. [67], Sulla's election to the consulship, successful likely due to his military success in 89BC, was not uncontested. [107], In the aftermath of the battle, Sulla was approached by Archelaus for terms. [47], Sulla's campaign in Cappadocia had led him to the banks of the Euphrates, where he was approached by an embassy from the Parthian Empire. A gifted and innovative general, he achieved numerous successes in wars against foreign and domestic opponents. He was also notorious for his personal relationships . He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. A research article or study proving this would be a primary source. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. The Athenian politician Aristion had himself elected as strategos epi ton hoplon and established a tyranny over the city. The proceeds from auctioned property more than made up for the cost of rewarding those who killed the proscribed, filling the treasury. [89] After Octavius induced the senate to outlaw Cinna, Cinna suborned the army besieging Nola and induced the Italians again to rise up. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. This brief guide is designed to help students and researchers find and evaluate primary sources available online. [59] Sulla served as one of the legates in the southern theatre assigned to consul Lucius Julius Caesar. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. [137][15] In a manner that the historian Suetonius thought arrogant, Julius Caesar later mocked Sulla for resigning the dictatorship. During these marriages, he engaged in an affair with Nicopolis, who also was older than him. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. A book from 1877 England would be a primary source about Victorian history. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). After one of the other legates was killed by his men, Sulla refused to discipline them except by issuing a proclamation imploring them to show more courage against the enemy. This may have been related to Sulla's campaign for the consulship. Wikipedia entry + Cornelius , Epaphroditus , Sylla 138/31 The birth of L.Sulla. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. Roman military leaders. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. La riunione periodica sulla sicurezza e la salute dei lavoratori deve essere convocata dal datore di lavoro e devono partecipare almeno il rappresentante dei lavoratori per la sicurezza (RLS) e il medico competente. Primary Sources (1) Speech by Gaius Marius in the Senate, quoted by Sallust in his book The Jugurthine War (c. 40 BC) . 719-549-2333. onwards. Primary Sources Sallust. 101 BC: Took part in the defeat of the Cimbri at the, 90-89 BC: Senior officer in the Social War, as, Holds the consulship for the first time, with, 87 BC: Commands Roman armies to fight King, 85 BC: Liberates the provinces of Macedonia, Asia, and Cilicia from Pontic occupation, 83 BC: Returns to Italy and undertakes civil war against the factional Marian government, 83-82 BC: Enters war with the followers of Gaius Marius the Younger and Cinna, 82 BC: Obtains victory at the battle of the Colline Gate, 80 BC: Holds the consulship for the second time. Wikipedia entry. [40] But Catulus' army was defeated in the eastern Alps and withdrew from Venetia and thence to the southern side of the river Po. [117] Sulla attempted to open negotiations with Norbanus, who was at Capua, but Norbanus refused to treat and withdrew to Praeneste as Sulla advanced. No action was taken against the troops nor action taken to relieve Pompey Strabo of command. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. Editor: Paul Halsall. Newspapers. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. J. Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, merely an ex-aedile and one of Sulla's long-time enemies, had contested the top magistracy. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. The breakdown allowed Sulla to play the aggrieved party and place blame on his enemies for any further bloodshed. to A.D. 68 (1959; 2d ed. The veto power of the tribunes and their legislating authority were soon reinstated, ironically during the consulships of Pompey and Crassus.[150]. under Gaius Marius in the wars against the Numidian rebel Jugurtha. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. He might have been disinherited, though it was "more likely" that his father simply had nothing to bequeath. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. . Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines to describe source material that is closest to the person, information, period, or idea being studied. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. [128], After the battle at the Colline Gate, Sulla summoned the Senate to the temple of Bellona at the Campus Martius. Historian Suetonius records that when agreeing to spare Caesar, Sulla warned those who were pleading his case that he would become a danger to them in the future, saying, "In this Caesar, there are many Mariuses. For list of offices and years, unless otherwise indicated, sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeaveney2006 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeager1994 (, Gabba, E. "Rome and Italy: the social war". Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. You can limit HOLLIS searches to your time period, but sources may be published later, such as a person's diary published posthumously. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary is sometimes confusing. 1963), and Stewart Perowne, Death of the Roman Republic: From 146 B.C. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. With Mithridates' armies in Europe almost entirely destroyed, Archelaus and Sulla negotiated a set of relatively cordial peace terms which were then forwarded to Mithridates. [107], Mithridates, still in Asia, was faced with local uprisings against his rule. A primary source is an original object or document -- the raw material or first-hand information. [6] He also disbanded his legions and, through these gestures, attempted to show the re-establishment of normal consular government. Sulla was the first Roman magistrate to meet a Parthian ambassador. Negotiations broke down after one of Scipio's lieutenants seized a town held by Sulla in violation of a ceasefire. [125], Carbo, who had suffered defeats by Metellus Pius and Pompey, attempted to redeploy so to relieve his co-consul Marius at Praeneste. He hinted to them that Marius would find other men to fight Mithridates, forcing them to give up opportunities to plunder the East, claims which were "surely false". [104] When the Pontic cavalry attacked to interrupt the earthworks, the Romans almost broke; Sulla personally rallied his men on foot and stabilised the area. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. [78], When the march on Rome started, the Senate and people were appalled. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. [25] After the war started, several Roman commanders were bribed (Bestia and Spurius), and one (Aulus Postumius Albinus) was defeated. Beyond personal enmity, Caesar Strabo may also have stood for office because it was evident that Rome's relations with the Pontic king, Mithridates VI Eupator, were deteriorating and that the consuls of 88 would be assigned an extremely lucrative and glorious command against Pontus. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings Marius, elected again to the consulship of 101, came to Catulus' aid; Sulla, in charge of supporting army provisioning, did so competently and was able to feed both armies. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. His troops were sufficiently impressed by his leadership that they hailed him imperator. Guide. [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. Sulla's body was brought into the city on a golden bier, escorted by his veteran soldiers, and funeral orations were delivered by several eminent senators, with the main oration possibly delivered by Lucius Marcius Philippus or Hortensius. Primary sources are original . [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. the execution of Granius, shortly before his own death). Sulla is generally seen as having set the precedent for Caesar's march on Rome and dictatorship. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. Pompey, the son of Pompey Strabo, raised a legion from his clients in Picenum and also joined Sulla; Sulla treated him with great respect and addressed him as imperator before dispatching him to raise more troops. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures. Demanding transfer to Catulus' (Marius' consular colleague) army, he received it. [11], Sulla, the son of Lucius Cornelius Sulla and the grandson of Publius Cornelius Sulla,[12] was born into a branch of the patrician gens Cornelia, but his family had fallen to an impoverished condition at the time of his birth. The circumstances of his relative poverty as a young man left him removed from his patrician brethren, enabling him to consort with revelers and experience the baser side of human nature. 134/4 C.Marius spends his early life in the countryside near Arpinum. In fact, many sources can be either primary or secondary depending on the context of the research and of the source itself. His enemy, Lucius Cornelius Cinna, was elected consul for 87BC in place of his candidate;[83] his nephew was rejected as plebeian tribune while Marius' nephew was successful. Sulla then duly besieged the city. Sulla, in full Lucius Cornelius Sulla or later Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, (born 138 bcedied 79 bce, Puteoli [Pozzuoli, near Naples, Italy]), victor in the first full-scale civil war in Roman history (88-82 bce) and subsequently dictator (82-79), who carried out notable constitutional reforms in an attempt to strengthen the Roman Republic during the last century of its existence. Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. He had close connections to the imperial family and was the husband of Antonia, Claudius's daughter, and might thus have been seen as a threat to Nero. Primary Source Terms:. Reason #4: studying primary sources helps students become better citizens. Studying the past supports good citizenship, which is requisite for a fair and effective democracy. Tip: If you are unsure if a source you have found is primary, talk to your instructor, librarian, or archivist. [90] By the end of 87BC, Cinna and Marius had besieged Rome and taken the city, killed consul Gnaeus Octavius, massacred their political enemies, and declared Sulla an outlaw; they then had themselves elected consuls for 86BC. Websites. This, of course, meant that many cases were never heard at all, as poorer clients did not have the money for the sponsio. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. Gill. [55] The Cimbric war also revived Italian solidarity, aided by Roman extension of corruption laws to allow allies to lodge extortion claims. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . For now, Cinna and the Marian political faction would have to wait, but revenge would prove far deadlier than anything that had come before it. They were, however, successful in holding Macedonia, then governed by propraetor Gaius Sentius and his legate Quintus Bruttius Sura. He could acknowledge the law as valid. Sulla, himself a patrician, thus ineligible for election to the office of Plebeian Tribune, thoroughly disliked the office. [72] Sulpicius' attempts to push through the Italian legislation again brought him into violent urban conflict, although he "offered nothing to the urban plebs so it continued to resist him". Threatened by the Pontic navy, Sulla sent his quaestor Lucullus to scrounge about for allied naval forces. He was saved through the efforts of his relatives, many of whom were Sulla's supporters, but Sulla noted in his memoirs that he regretted sparing Caesar's life, because of the young man's notorious ambition. [76][77] They then killed Marcus Gratidius, one of Marius' legates, when Gratidius attempted to effect the transfer of command. [76] Without troops defending Rome itself, Sulla entered the city; once there, however, his men were pelted with stones from the rooftops by common people. However, if you were studying how compact fluorescent light bulbs are presented in the popular media, the magazine article could be considered a primary source. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. The first of the, Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBadian2012 (. [69], Sulla started his consulship by passing two laws. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). [79], Sulla then had Sulpicius' legislation invalidated on the grounds that they had been passed by force. Website. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. [109] Faced with Fimbria's army in Asia, Lucullus' fleet off the coast, and internal unrest, Mithridates eventually met with Sulla at Dardanus in autumn 85BC and accepted the terms negotiated by Archelaus. At the start of his second consulship in 80BC with Metellus Pius, Sulla resigned his dictatorship. Sulla's military coup was enabled by Marius's military reforms, that bound the army's loyalty with the general rather than to the Roman Republic, and permanently destabilized the Roman power structure. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's aking of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. Primary sources are first-hand evidence related to the time or event you are investigating.This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.. He then reinforced this decision by legislation, retroactively justifying his illegal march on the city and stripping the twelve outlaws of their Roman citizenship. 107/14 The dissolute lifestyle of L.Sulla, as a young man. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. [18] Lacking ready money, Sulla spent his youth among Romes comedians, actors, lute players, and dancers. Marius (C. Marius) - Roman consul, seven times from 107 B.C. Sulla raised important cavalry forces for Marius and was responsible for the . There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. [95], Mithridates' successes against the Romans incited a revolt by the Athenians against Roman rule. They are different from secondary sources, accounts that retell, analyze, or interpret events, usually at a distance of time or place." Library of Congress Teacher's Page. These sieges lasted until spring of 86BC. Jugurtha had fled to his father-in-law, King Bocchus I of Mauretania (a nearby kingdom); Marius invaded Mauretania, and after a pitched battle in which both Sulla and Marius played important roles in securing victory, Bocchus felt forced by Roman arms to betray Jugurtha. In 46 BC Julius Caesar appointed him governor of the province of Africa. Sulla also wanted to reduce the risk that a future general might attempt to seize power, as he himself had done. [59] Sulla attempted also to assist Lucius' relief of the city of Aesernia, which was under siege, but both men were unsuccessful.
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