>> /Macrosheet /Part What percentage showed complete compliance? [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] These shortcuts include the use of heuristicsOpens in new window, schemasOpens in new window, stereotypesOpens in new window, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. ->discrimination is a thing of the past, African Americans are pushing too hard, their gains have been excessive. /Resources << Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? >> Describe the findings of Zajonc's cockroach study and the playing pool study. << /Type /Pages What variables influence whether or not people conform? >> -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. /Parent 2 0 R Pennycook . /GS8 28 0 R /StructParents 0 Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending congnitive effort. /StructParents 4 /Resources << 15 0 obj [25][26] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. . /F4 24 0 R Weather it is the theory of adjusting the way we act by social Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; The cognitive processes & structures that influence, & areinfluenced by, social behaviour, COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY: people strive for consistency amongcognitions as inconsistency is unpleasant, BUT people are remarkably tolerant of cognitive inconsistency, Errors are due to limited or inaccurate information & motivational considerations (e.g. /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. /ExtGState << New York . >> [30] Further, people spend less cognitive effort in buying toothpaste than they do when picking a new car, and that difference in information-seeking is largely a function of the costs.[31]. In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. /F2 22 0 R [28] [29] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. 29 0 obj How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? [>>>] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. >> [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. 2 0 obj << What is "lowballing?" if we can find evidence that matches hypothesis is true /GS8 28 0 R -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) as. /S /Transparency << -Western: independent self, self-contained and autonomous Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. 7 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? /CS /DeviceRGB Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 0 0 0 -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others What sort of characteristics go together to form certain types of personality? Much of the cognitive miser theory is built upon work done on heuristics in judgment and decision-making,[15] most notably Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman results published in a series of influential articles. This article describes an anomalous social space within the field of homelessness in San Francisco, that of "pro" recyclers, homeless men who spend much of their time collecting recyclables for redemption. The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. Consistency seeker: motivated by perceived discrepancies among their cognitions. /Parent 2 0 R /Type /StructElem Naive scientist Heider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attribution s using similar processes to those of scientists. /Type /Font |k, y+zSe(S")0(|c^$i)}`#_~:ppq(i.kyo(|49R;e3!q|k0d8zhT6ax Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} >> July 2015 . [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. /Tabs /S -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. 10 0 obj -People are less likely to conform when at least one person states the correct answer. What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? /Resources << 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R] Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. /F4 24 0 R /Annotation /Sect /F1 21 0 R What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? 4 0 obj How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? /CA 1 Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. /Tabs /S Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. << /F3 23 0 R Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. >> If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? /Parent 2 0 R miser 2) cognitive load = heuristics don't require much thought, can be made on 'availability' eg. endobj According to Walter Lippmann's arguments in his classic book Public Opinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. /Textbox /Sect 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R << endobj Nathaniel . /Font << /Kids [5 0 R 6 0 R 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R ]}|Mb7*_JH G]$@6=/}Cuqpm ~^n#KJGX+]'4T5.$-g-'A/u3= kq^L%D-fU_gH,P(VZZi(c5T/W i4SUk^] H/r*5F[r &w0+p\G&:'5%DQm 8uhR6. Schema: cognitive structure that represents knowledge andbeliefs about a specific category (e.g. /Name /F1 endobj 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations, individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way, strives to simplify cognitive process specifically under time pressure, many strategies depending on the situation important -> naive scientist, a class of objects that we believe belong together, schema can be defined by list of necessary and sufficient attributes, hard to specify defining features/members vary a great deal in their typically/ some cases are unclear, categories are organized around attibutes that are only characteristic of the category; they don't define it, prototype view- representation is abstracted list of most characteristic feature How do responses on the TST illustrate the characteristics of different cultures? [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. stream How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? /F1 21 0 R The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. << /ExtGState << >> -Within group: underestimate differences within groups, view their group as heterogeneous -Responses varied across cultures [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. endobj Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B /Type /Font /StructParents 9 What are its consequences? Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? stream According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. What is conformity? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. -Social loafing: where individuals become less productive in groups >> -Threat of isolation: can lead us to behave in self-destructive ways and even impair, -Tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by group members. 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R 285 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Parent 2 0 R Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. 9 0 obj Due to the seemingly smooth current situation, people unconsciously adjusted their acceptance of risk; People tend to over-express their faith and confidence to backup systems and safety devices; People regard complicated technical systems in line with complicated governing structures; If concerned with the certain issue, people tend to spread good news and hide bad news; People tend to think alike if they are in the same field (see also: System 1 generates suggestions for System 2, with impressions, intuitions, intentions or feelings; If System 1's proposal is endorsed by System 2, those impressions and intuitions will turn into beliefs, and the sudden inspiration generated by System 1 will turn into voluntary actions; When everything goes smoothly (as is often the case), System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification. [13] People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. Distinguish between a durable consumer good and a nondurable consumer good. -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] Which is viewed as more homogeneous? endobj This perspective assumes that detailed, deliberate processing is costly or expensive in terms of psychological resources, and our resource capacity is limited. 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser /Type /Group -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group /Subtype /Type0 In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. Therefore, we try to spend as little as possible in most caseswe are misers who try to protect our resources for important judgments. 2,000 & 11,000 \\ /CS /DeviceRGB (1950s) a. This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. The cognitive miser theory is an . Add to folder /Name /F3 Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . What is the Twenty Statements Test (TST)? Introducing Cram Folders! -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. >> When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. The cognitive miser theory is an . ] When can it enhance social behavior? How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? /StructParents 2 20 . Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] Narcissism Individual differences variable character ized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. 473480 . /F4 24 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /Length 2864 /StructParents 8 Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. -Tied to these beliefs [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. -Conformity: /ca 1 Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. >> Congratulations on this excellent venture what a great idea! The motivated tactician approach The cognitive miser approach The nave scientist approach None of the above. ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). /Producer (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. /StructParents 7 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R -Characteristics of the messenger: attractive, credible, similar to oneself. [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. social Introducing Ask an Expert DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] What are behavioral consequences of the threat of isolation? >> /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better endobj How can norms influence prejudice and discrimination? [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. >> What is situated social cognition? Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. Overview cognitive miser Quick Reference An interpretation of stereotypes as psychological mechanisms that economize on the time and effort spent on information processing by simplifying social reality, which would otherwise overwhelm our cognitive capacities with its complexity. -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one /Tabs /S /F4 24 0 R Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient information processing and streamlined decision making. >> Introduce and define the consistency seeker, nave scientist, and the cognitive miser philosophical anthropologies.
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