Two key components of an argumentative essay are the reasons and evidence. IV, ed. An effective counterclaim works to disagree with and disprove the author's claim. The question that has with stood the test of time is, are these encounters that have been written out, exaggerated or the whole truth and nothing but the truth? In the early 1800s Frederick Douglass was born in Tuckahoe, Maryland, and grew up on Colonial Edward Lloyds plantation. In all this talk of race, the motive may be good, but the method is bad. It was specifically on grounds of reparative justice that he urged support of one particular federal public-education proposal, a bill put forward by Senator Henry Blair of New Hampshire. In this reassuring view, the era of momentous reforms that Kings speech and actions did much to elicit vindicates the character of America, displaying the nations renewed determination to make good on its original commitment to securing the equal natural rights of all its members. The 4 parts of an argumentative essay are the claim, counterclaim, reasoning, and evidence. III, p. 418. Accept the criticism of the counterclaim. When providing evidence to support reasoning, always make sure that the evidence comes from a credible source and that it is directly relevant to the reasoning. but his relative moderation in this proposal is certainly in keeping with his classical-liberal respect for property rights, along with his longtime concern to sustain and strengthen a spirit of virtuous self-reliance among black Americans. It's how the detective is able to put the criminal in jail. The Declarations affirmation, as self-evident truths, of the principles that all men are created equal and that they are endowed by their Creator with the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness is now commonly read as a declaration only of the rights of propertied white males. First, it makes clear that Douglasss demand for nothing but fair play allowed for vigorous protective and remedial action by the federal government. Children would be separated from their mothers before they were twelve months in age-Frederick too was separated from his mother. Up from Alienation: Douglasss Abolitionist Years, Speaking to the Garrisonian American Anti-Slavery Society in 1847, a youthful Douglass posed a poignant question and supplied a dispiriting answer. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. They are struggling with the counterclaim (counterargument) and refutation (rebuttal) as these are new Standards for seventh graders. Douglass rejected the various white disintegrationists for obvious reasons, and he rejected the black variants too. The hook should be on-topic and supportive of the author's argument. The proper remedy for these violations, as he conceived of it, was in accord with this conviction. It did much more, that is, than convey the Framers general disapproval of slavery and their design to recognize slavery only as a local institution, to tolerate it only as a necessary, temporary evil, and to contain its expansion to the end of promoting its eventual abolition. The grave danger was that reunion and peace would be purchased at the cost of obscuring the moral principles that remained in contest. (b) Up to that point, what evidence has he presented to support his claim? What does Frederick Douglass mean when he says "Bread of Knowledge"? For its first 18 months, Douglass found in Lincolns presidency mostly a confirmation of his doubts. Eachno-prepresource allows students to work at their own paces via mastery learning. He states, The offence for which this girl was thus murdered was this: She had been set that night to mind Mrs. Hickss baby, and during the night she fell asleep, and the baby cried. This anecdote, among many others, is helpful in persuading the reader to understand the severity of rule slaveholders hold above their slaves. I know of no country where the conditions for affecting great changes in the settled order of things, for the development of right ideas of liberty and humanity, are more favorable than here in these United States. Douglass says that laws in the South are anti-black. I teach a seventh grade ELA class and weve just finished reading Walk Two Moonsby Sharon Creech. Mark them![15], In truth, Douglass had long admired the Declaration and the Revolution; but now, having broken with the Garrisonian variant of abolitionism, he had come to admire the whole of the Founding, because he had come to judge the Constitution to be faithful to the saving principles of the Declaration. https://www.facebook.com/groups/sorliteracyhub, Create Decodable Text with Artificial Intelligence, FREE Diagnostic Reading and ELA Assessments. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. appalachian school of law shooting victims; private members' clubs london mayfair. According to Douglass, how do laws in the South prove that slaves are human beings? [37] Ibid., pp. athenaeum club southend membership fees. This is called the counterclaim. Although abolitionists including Douglass had assailed Lincoln for his seeming reluctance to strike at slavery, Douglass now conceded the superiority of Lincolns judgment: Had he put the abolition of slavery before the salvation of the Union, he would have inevitably driven from him a powerful class of the American people and rendered resistance to rebellion impossible. An effective argumentative essay will bring up counterclaims for two reasons: An effective counterclaim will both disagree with and disprove a claim. Counterclaims are arguments of the opposing side which the author will address. The body of the essay is three paragraphs and contains the author's reasoning, evidence, and counterclaims. Supporters of the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 believed that. Douglass never mentions the fact that many of the fathers were slave owners. prepaid financial services wolverhampton; lecture analytique petit pays chapitre 23. naval special warfare command quarterdeck; where is wildwood soda made; frankenstein chapter 5 literary devices; jacob degrom haircut video; how to clean beswood meat slicer; Douglass made these appeals to greatest effect in the most popular and frequently presented of his postwar speeches, his lecture on Self-Made Men. After briefly considering a few alternative explanations of worldly success, Douglass declares it evident that we may explain success mainly by one word and that word is work! [15] Douglass, What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July? in Douglass Papers, Vol. Although Frederick Douglass believes that the only way to freedom for him and his fellow slaves, is through learning how to build on. We want no black Ireland in America, he warned in response to the Supreme Courts disappointing ruling in the Civil Rights Cases in 1883no American counterpart to the aggrieved, unproductive, disproportionately criminal (under)class that Douglass viewed as the natural issue of Englands injustice. In our example, you would need to give or cite some concrete evidence like, 'According to research, students with Internet access on their phones are more likely to make the Honor Roll.' Writing before slaves were freed in the United States, Douglass' main objective in the Narrative is to dispel any notion that slavery is good for those enslaved. We must not beg men to do for us what we ought to do for ourselves. Now you turnthe opposing point of view, evidence, and analysis back to support your thesis statement. One is that slavery was an institution that corrupted whites and robbed (or attempted to rob) blacks of their humanity. That Douglass sympathized, for a period in his youth, with anti-America radicalism is hardly surprising. Because of Douglasss quest for freedom, his daring attitude, and determination to learn, he shows us the way through American Slavery in his eyes. Evidence is usually some kind of research. The body can be organized by reasoning, with the author providing three reasons as the topic sentences for the three paragraphs, then using further reasoning and evidence to prove the topic sentence. Such attention is properly directed toward, but also beyond, the icons of the recent era of reform. Identify two biblical allusions Douglass makes, and then explain how each contributes to Douglass's overall argument -He wants to use any means to convince people to end slavery. His life was transformed yet again in August 1841, when the nations foremost abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison, heard him speak at meetings in New Bedford and Nantucket, Massachusetts, and promptly offered him a position as a lecturer for the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society. Frederick Douglasss account on slavery could be seen as biased as a result of first hand experiences with being held as a slave. Moreover, the increasing incidence of despairing extremism among many abolitionists during this period was abetted by a series of portentous events. Formulated more precisely, his demand Let [the Negro] alone meant Give him fair play and let him alone, but be sure you give him fair play.[34] In its most general meaning, fair play or justice to black Americans was to be determined by a principle of non-exceptionalism. A broad array of racially freighted social problems persists and even intensifies in the postCivil Rights Era, in the face of which the ideals of the civil rights cause cannot be said to have been fully realized. The effect of abolishing slavery, without conferring equal rights, he contended, would be [to doom] the colored race to a condition indescribably wretched and the dreadful contagion of their vices and crimes would fly like cholera and small pox through all classes. These were indeed terrible enough; but deeper down, and more terrible still, were the mental and moral wrongs that slavery inflicted. IV, p. 459. Who is Frederick Douglass' intended audience in his autobiography, the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass? The conclusion should sum up the author's entire argument from the essay. He claims that African Americans like himself have been denied the freedom that the holiday supports. eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Again in contrast to more radical critics in his day and our own, Douglass insisted that these persisting abuses by the class of former slaveholders constituted clear violations, not legitimate applications and not refutations, of the natural right of property. The main parts of an argument are: An error occurred trying to load this video. Drawing upon that faith, he taught black Americans and all other Americans to stand up for justice and to strive for excellence. On one side, he rejected as plainly blasphemous the radical positivism expressed in the eminent Senator Henry Clays assertion that what the law makes property, is property.[42] At the other extreme, he judged it arrant nonsense to conflate the causes of abolitionism and socialism, as some abolitionists did in the belief that they could eradicate the desire for property in another human being only by eradicating the desire for private property of any kind. In paragraph 5, (a) What does Douglass acknowledge as a counterclaim to his The controversy of racism scorches Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass written by Frederick Douglass himself. Making a claim is just a fancy way of saying that you're stating your main point. Douglass labored throughout his postwar career to preserve and propagate this enlarged, moralized understanding among a war-weary loyalist population longing for reunion and a stable peace. Without it, black Americans would remain all too often outside the protection of law, dependent for their rights on white officeholders who lacked any electoral incentive to represent them. Criticizethe evidence and analysis of the counterclaimas being unimportant, irrelevant, or a misinterpretation. This counterclaim both disagrees with the claim and disproves it with on-topic reasoning. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? Viewed in its larger significance, the Union victory meant a victory not only over an extreme, implicitly anarchic variant of the state-sovereignty doctrine, but also over the no less pernicious doctrines of sectionalism and racial supremacy. Good reasoning for a claim is on topic, logically sound, factual, and can be supported by evidence. Taking the policy claim from earlier, if an author is arguing that the United States should ban capital punishment, their reasons would be the reasons why they believe this is the case. The principles of natural human rights set forth in the Declaration of Independence, Douglass was convinced, represent a permanent, universal truth as well as the most practically powerful moral and political theory ever conceived. Your claim is that you need a new cell phone. It opened my eyes to the horrible pit, but to no ladder upon which to get out (47). Power, Protest, and Change Test (blonde davis, Intro To Business Chapter Three (Part Two), The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. Of the Blair bill, he insisted that the Negro needs it, the illiterate white needs it and the nation needs it.[56] Arguing in 1872 against racial segregation in public schools, Douglass described his purpose as patriotic as well as beneficent, on the premise that the public schools should function as a common platform of nationality.[57] Any measure that authorizes or deepens ones self-identification in predominantly racial terms is to be opposed, he maintained, insisting that race is a morally arbitrary quality. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. The rise of this abolitionist agitation would alarm slaveholders, who would respond by attempting to suppress abolitionist speech and to strengthen and perpetuate their political power by expanding slaverys presence in federal territories, thus preparing the admission of additional slave states. From that moment on, Frederick Bailey was resolved to escape slaveryor die trying. [2] Cornel West, Race Matters (Boston: Beacon Press, 1993), chapter 1. That which is inhuman, cannot be divine! It was above all in Americas original and unforgettable dedication to those principles that Douglass found reason to love and identify with his country, despite the injustices that he and his people had suffered. Douglass describes this memory as the "blood-stained gate" through which he entered slavery, and he is struck throughout at how the institution made tyrants of whites. While this quote is from a credible source (Carolina Justice Policy Center) and provides factual evidence, the evidence is not relevant to the specific claim and reasoning provided. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? To this day, Douglass endures unequalled as the invincible adversary of racial despair and disaffectionthe preeminent exemplar and apostle of hopefulness in the American promise of justice for all. -he wishes he could present a speech that was positive for the people. of people, -two football teams competing for State Champion. jim preston mchenry, il obituary. It means uplifting the soul of man into the glorious light of truth, the light by which men can only be made free.[53]. Your doing with us has already played the mischief with us. The evils which are now crushing the Negro to earth have their root and sap, their force and mainspring, in this narrow spirit of race and color and the Negro has no more right to excuse or to foster it than men of any other race. Although, Douglass is able to be direct our thoughts to these experiences in such a light, you feel as if you are witnessing it happen right before you. Standing in the foreground of the Lincoln Memorial nearly 50 years ago, Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered the most famous speech by any American in the 20th century. [27] Douglass, Speech at the Unveiling of The Freedmens Monument in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, April 14, 1876, in Douglass Papers, Vol. He talks about how grateful he is that america is young because it has time to create its own path without a past to hold it down. Visiting Scholar, 2016-17 Visiting Fellow in American Political Thought, Frederick Douglasss America: Race, Justice, and the Promise of the Founding, Presidents Day Reflections on George Washingtons American Character, http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/wjclintonmemphis.htm, http://www.thurgoodmarshall.com/speeches/constitutional_speech.htm, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/doughtml/doughome.html. In like manner, the election of Barack Obama as President might be viewed as the culminating, climactic event of the Civil Rights Era, signifying the advent of a post-racial America and vindicating once and for all the mainstream, integrationist tradition in AfricanAmerican political thought lately exemplified by King. No people can prosper, Douglass reiterated late in life, unless they have a home, or the hope of a home; and to have a home, one must have a country.[61] America was AfricanAmericans proper home, he maintained, their only realistic alternative and also the locus of their highest ideals. I explain Douglasss argument more elaborately in Frederick Douglass, pp. That is provable, because your phone is so old it barely has texting! Above all, the Constitution must be interpreted in light of its commitment to secure the blessings of liberty for all. In his reasonable faith in their ultimate triumph in America, Douglass found an enormous reservoir of strength that he labored to share with others. Following this lesson, you should be able to: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Latest answer posted August 20, 2009 at 11:51:14 PM. But there are two sides to every argument. They were statesmen, patriots and heroes. In his discerning view, however, the main source of their greatnessthe virtue that enabled them to be more than revolutionaries, the Founders of a great republicinhered not in their bravery but in their dedication to the eternal principles, the saving principles, set forth in the unique revolutionary document they dared to sign. 350351. [60] Douglass, This Decision Has Humbled the Nation, in Douglass Papers, Vol. A fair-minded observer could scarcely deny that for many Americans, race still does matter. Evidence tells your reader how your claim is proved. The counterclaim is just one of the four elements of an argument, which include: Claim - to assert facts that give rise to a legally enforceable right or judicial action. Douglass also describes the way it corroded his soul to not know his birth date, to be told he couldn't learn to read after the wife of his Baltimore owner started to teach him, and to realize that slavery was a condition he would never grow out of. 202203 (emphasis added). Finally, in the introduction is the thesis (claim). He introduces this idea after his beginning steps in becoming educated and later reinforces it by providing extensive examples of his experience with; slave-masters, learning the alphabet, reading and writing, and the exposition of individual opinions in literature. [1] Martin Luther King, Jr., I Have a Dream, in A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr., ed. how does douglass refute this counterclaim? IV, p. 183. and the excerpt from Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass IV, p. 459. Your reason is because yours doesn't have Internet access, and your evidence says that students with Internet access make better grades. God and nature speak to our manhood and manhood alone.[58]. Today we're going to learn about the parts of an argument necessary to win one! ', Then it's time for the reasons you've prepared well in advance, because you know exactly what she'll ask. The only solid, and final solution of the problem before us, Douglass insisted, was also the only just solution: the most perfect civil and political equality such that black Americans shall enjoy all the rights, privileges and immunities enjoyed by any other members of the body politic.[37] In its primary meaning, Douglasss fair-play, non-exceptionalism principle entailed simple equality under law, irrespective of race or color, but in the decades following the war, he was most urgently concerned with equal protection for two rights in particular: voting rights and property rights. This strategy displays the idea that slaves were seen as property and could be discarded easily. Writing Revision: How to Fix Mistakes in Your Writing, AEPA English Language Arts (NT301): Practice & Study Guide, AEPA Middle Grades English Language Arts (NT201): Practice & Study Guide, Common Core ELA Grade 8 - Literature: Standards, 10th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, 11th Grade English: Homework Help Resource, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Help and Review, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Tutoring Solution, 11th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, 12th Grade English Curriculum Resource & Lesson Plans, Common Core ELA Grade 7 - Speaking & Listening: Standards, Create an account to start this course today. These displays of humanity would naturally arouse the sympathy of non-slaveholders, a few of whom at first, and more with the passage of time, would take up the cause of abolition. So far as it filled the country with a deeper abhorrence of slavery and a deeper love for the great liberator, the murder of Lincoln, he hoped, would arouse in the war-weary nation the spirit to continue and complete Lincolns workand Douglasss ownin the postwar years.[29]. Douglasss great cause was integration, and his great theme was hopefulnessrationally grounded hopefulnessin Americas capacity to secure justice for all, irrespective of race, color, sex, or creed. [58] The Blessings of Liberty and Education, in Douglass Papers, Vol. We utterly repudiate all invidious distinctions, whether in our favor or against us, and ask only for a fair field and no favor.[49]. Pick the best evidence to support the opposing point of view. Soon enough after AfricanAmericans gained the vote, Douglass believed, the interests of white politicians and voters would overcome their prejudices; blacks would be courted by the leaders of all parties, and their rights and interests would be recognized in law and policy.[41]. It is difficult to challenge the accuracy of the first hand account offered. 411, 414. Another is that slavery is an institution fundamentally based on violence, telling the story of the vicious beatings an aunt of his would often receive: I have often been awakened at the dawn of day by the most heart-rending shrieks of an own aunt of mine, whom he used to tie up to a joist, and whip upon her naked back till she was literally covered with blood. Tell why all or part of the opposing point of view may be reasonable, plausible, or valid, but minimize the opposing position. James M. Washington (New York: HarperCollins, 1986), pp. 364365. For example, in Virginia, "there are seventy-two crimeswhich, if committed by a black man, subject him to the punishment of death; while only two of the same crimes will subject a white man to the like punishment". They that can, may; I cannot. In response, Garrison intensified his calls for the dissolution of the American Union, while influential black abolitionists urged blacks to surrender their hopes in America and emigrate. TheEight Writing Process Essays(printables and 170 Google slides) each feature an on-demand diagnostic essay assessment, writing prompt with connected reading, brainstorming, graphic organizer, response, revision, and editing activities. Some of the above points adapted from theHarvard Writing Center. Search where you will, there is no country on the globe where labor is so respected and the laborer so honored, as in this country.[47], This, too, was a corollary of Douglasss non-exceptionalism principle. He cites literacy as a pathway to humanity and ultimately freedom, one which he ironically discovered when Mr. Auld made his feelings about black literacy known. The broadest and bitterest of the black mans misfortunes is the fact that he is everywhere regarded and treated as an exception to the principles and maxims which apply to other men.[35], In its concrete applications, Douglasss principle of fair play meant first that the white majority must refrain from various courses of action whereby it might be tempted to evade rather than to resolve properly the problem of race relations. In Stevenss plan, lands belonging to the former Confederate states and their soldiers would be deemed forfeited and then distributed in parcels of 40 acres as homesteads to the freedpeople. 348349 (emphasis in original). Those who are skeptical of the claim of a post-racial America have a point. Frederick Douglass pure story telling in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass directly goes against any argument for slavery from Fitzhugh, by revealing the harshness of the institution of slavery and the individuals behind it. Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) was a former slave who became a nationally recognized abolitionist orator during the antebellum period. If the claim is that the United States should ban capital punishment, an effective counterclaim would be that the United States should not ban capital punishment because capital punishment provides a sense of closure for the families of the victims of violent crimes. [26] Douglass, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, in Frederick Douglass: Autobiographies, pp. Douglass refutes Fitzhughs pro-slavery argument of the average slave living an ideal life, by disproving early ideas of the free labor system and paternalism through real life encounters of the physical oppression slaves faced on the day to day basis in the forms of inhumane treatment and violence, as well as the true harsh, The brutality that slaves endured form their masters and from the institution of slavery caused slaves to be denied their god given rights. Douglass' primary claim in his narrative is that a nation predicated upon individual freedom cannot allow slavery to exist. All rights reserved. With due respect to King and to other stalwarts of the 20th-century movement, I submit that in the search for the most thoughtful proponents of the pro-integration, pro-America argument, there is no worthier object of our attention than the life and thought of the greatest of their 19th-century predecessors, the renowned abolitionist and advocate of civil and political equality Frederick Douglass. Douglass provides. This technique helps to make the argument more effective by strengthening the claim being made. His story, an instant best seller, succeeded in confirming his veracity, but at the cost of attracting greatly intensified attention from fugitive slavecatchers. V, p. 624. A counterclaim is an argument that argues in opposition to the author's claim. He writes: "Slavery soon proved its ability to divest her of these heavenly qualities. Douglass wanted to show his opposition to slavery and knew he would meet many criticisms. America must be envisioned and remade by its white and black citizens alike as AfricanAmericans genuine home, not merely by the accident and force of necessity but as an object of their rational and sentimental identification. As the author of three autobiographies, Douglass framed his life story as a series of reversals of fortune suggestive of the possibility of liberating revolutionary change. Not transient and fitful effort, but patient, enduring, honest, unremitting, and indefatigable work, into which the whole heart is put. Much of the distinctive greatness of this nation, he continues, is due to its hospitality to just this sort of virtue. . If you've ever said this or something like it, you've made a claim. What other words in the speech connect to this concept? That the natural-rights principles epitomized in the Declaration of Independence were universally and permanently true; That the everlasting glory of Americas Founding lay in its dedication to those principles; and. Using stories to illustrate each of his points, Douglass shows that black slaves only tell whites they are happy to avoid retribution, that they sing to mourn and lament their fate, and that owners who have gone to revival meetings and come back "converted" to Christianity feel even more emboldened to beat and mistreat their slaves, because it is Biblically sanctioned that slaves must obey their masters. Counterclaim and Refutation Sentence Frames. He also goes on to say a number of other things that basically establish that slaves live an easy and good life compared to others. The counterclaim is the opposite argument which the author addresses in order provide a rebuttal. Douglasss mind was opened to the wisdom of Lincolns statesmanship as he came to see the depth of Lincolns commitment to the anti-slavery cause. IV, p. 68 (emphasis in original). [36] The Present and Future of the Colored Race in America, May 1863, in Life and Writings, Vol. Douglasss postwar arguments were consistent with this position. IV, p. 436. Douglass found solid reasons for believing what he repeatedly affirmed throughout the decade, as in his Dred Scott speech: I base my sense of the certain overthrow of slavery, in part, upon the nature of the American Government, the Constitution, the tendencies of the age, and the character of the American people.
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