(9) Is accompanied by a separate opinion concurring or dissenting on a legal issue, and publication of the majority and separate opinions would make a significant contribution to the development of the law. . A citation to an unpublished case that is available in Westlaw, Lexis, Bloomberg Law,or another "widely used electronic database" (Rule 10.8.1(a))has the following five elements: United States v. Bennett,No. As a matter of competence, lawyers who practice in state and federal courts should stay familiar with these differences. 3-4(e) Prohibition of Citation to Uncertified Opinion or Order: Any order or opinion that is designated: NOT FOR CITATION, pursuant to [N.D. 7-14 or pursuant to a similar rule of any other issuing court, may not be cited to this Court, either in written submissions or oral argument, except when relevant under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata or collateral estoppel. Only a small percentage of cases are published or reported, i.e., found in printed reporters. United States Reportsis an official publication of the United States Government and the preferred reporter to cite for U.S. Supreme Court casesaccording to The Bluebook. Rule 12. 2022 by The University of Akron The University of Akron is an Equal Education and Employment Institution. <>>> Rule 32.1(b) applies to all unpublished opinions, regardless of when they were issued. or "F. Supp. B. P. 32.1 advisory committees note to 2006 adoption. Any citation to the Court of Appeal opinion must also note the grant of review and any subsequent action by the Supreme Court. Indeed, persistent use of unpublished authority may be cause for sanctions. Tyler represents plaintiffs and defendants in civil cases, public entity litigation, and high-stakes disputes. Supp." His clients range from individuals and closely held businesses to Fortune 500 companies. Rule 10.8.1 describes how to cite an unpublished case and there are examples in the chart at the beginning of Rule 10 (p. 95). Aswith published/reported cases, you use Table 6 (case names), Table 7 (court names), and Table 10(geographical terms) for abbreviations. The Washington proposal uses the language from the federal rule to describe the various synonyms for "opinion" and "unpublished." New law students should first become familiar with the U.S. Supreme Court (p. 227), Circuit Courts of Appeal (p. 228) and District Courts (p. 229). 0000015278 00000 n This reporter set currently has threeseries, F. An opinion of a Court of Appeal or a superior court appellate division-whether it affirms or reverses a trial court order or judgment-should be certified for publication in the Official Reports if the opinion: (1) Establishes a new rule of law; 0000004218 00000 n The volume and page numbers for each unofficial reporter will be different than those found in the United States Reports. . Use the officialcase name as identifiedin the running title for published cases and in the table of unpublished decisions for . At its April 2005 meeting, the Advisory Committee directed that two additional changes be made. [6] California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(e). 1995) (unpublished)). xUj@}B$ \_T|QmBkYH+vg93Ow} a{1g:Q`d E0fWC,{@1K gM5;^g=q{7rjDo9#ETR%~$wE'` c 0)[4fD1 U P4A)DcgVP&'~}ns Mozingo v. S. Fin. In federal court, while the rules are more relaxed, the question of whether an opinion may be cited may turn on when and where the opinion was issued. 0000010928 00000 n 3d. A published case is a mandatory authority for the court and the lower courts in its jurisdiction An unpublished case is NOT a binding authority. Thus, the unofficial Supreme Court Reporter cite for Arellano is 143S.Ct. R. App. Accordingly, citation of unpublished opinions in briefs, memoranda, and oral arguments in the trial and appellate divisions is disfavored, except for the purpose of establishing claim preclusion, issue preclusion, or the law of the case. One of the keys to citing cases properly is knowing where to find the proper legal citation abbreviations. This table provides the reporter names and abbreviations, statutory compilation names and abbreviations, and citation conventions for all federal and state courts. Consider, for example, the following citation: In addition, under Rule 32.1 (a), a court may not place any restriction on the citation of such opinions. Civil L.R. Subdivision (b). Services Corp. v. Superior Court (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 443, 447, fn. Civil L.R. While on the GPO website you could further refine your search. . stream Com. July 28, 2010). Rule 32. [9] N.D. Cal. The changes made by the Advisory Committee after publication are described in my May 14, 2004 report to the Standing Committee. In some cases, a court decision may be "unpublished" if it is so new that it has yet to be published in the court reporter. 05-CR-6050 CJS, 2005 WL 2709572 (W.D.N.Y. (July 10, 2001): Both here and in the trial court, the parties citeunpublishedout-of-state decisions favoring their respective positions. For Ohio, Ohio Supreme Court cases are still published in the print reporter, Ohio State Reports (Ohio St., Ohio St.2d, Ohio St.3d). Unpublished cases cited for compelling value are subject to these additional restrictions: (1) only cases issued on or after January 1, 2015, (2) no notice adequately addresses the matter in court, and (3) the citation does not refer to a published opinion or part of a statement. as well as between the longer abbreviation Supp. See Ohio Rules forReporting Opinions 3.2. For states that are abbreviated with one capital letter and lower case letter(s), such as Virginia, abbreviated "Va.", there will be a space between the district court and state abbreviations (E.D. 0000002909 00000 n To cite to a case in the Federal Reporter, list the following six elements in order: Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429 (2d Cir. 0000013825 00000 n Asof November2017, for example, the most recent volume of the United States Reports contains cases decided in mid-2012. The purpose of this guide is to introduce The Bluebook and basic concepts of legal citation to new law students. Rule 32.1. , No. (a) Citation Permitted. Rule 32.1 is a new rule addressing the citation of judicial opinions, orders, judgments, or other written dispositions that have been designated by a federal court as unpublished, not for publication, non-precedential, not precedent, or the like. See Assem. 2010). The local rules of the Central, Eastern, and Southern Districts of California do not forbid citation of unpublished cases. (7) Makes a significant contribution to legal literature by reviewing either the development of a common law rule or the legislative or judicial history of a provision of a constitution, statute, or other written law; Federal rules provide that federal courts must allow parties to cite unpublished (or unreported) opinions issued on or after January 1, 2007. 0000014528 00000 n (3) Modifies, explains, or criticizes with reasons given, an existing rule of law; Even Ninth When the idea you are providing a citation for appears on a specific page of a case, you should point your reader to that page by including apinpoint citation. Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 permits attorneys to cite to federal courts of ap-peals their unpublished opinions issued in 2007 or later. An opinion of a Court of Appeal or a superior court appellate division-whether it affirms or reverses a trial court order or judgment-should be certified for publication in the Official Reports if the opinion: (1) Establishes a new rule of law; For example, In 2014, the United States Supreme Court reversed the First Circuit Court of Appeals decision inLawson v. FMR LLC. 10-2240, 2012 U.S. App. [3] California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115 Citation of Opinions: Except as provided in (b), an opinion of a California Court of Appeal or superior court appellate division that is not certified for publication or ordered published must not be cited or relied on by a court or a party in any other action. Rule 47.7 - Citation of Unpublished Opinions. This Committee Note will refer to these dispositions collectively asunpublished opinions. 0000017261 00000 n Of particular importance are the following abbreviation rules: Read rulesB10.1.1 and B10.2(Short Form Citation) forother rules that must be followed when citing case names. It does not require any court to issue an unpublished opinion or forbid any court from doing so. 0000003406 00000 n The purpose of this guide is to introduce The Bluebook and basic concepts of legal citation to new law students. (5:11-cr-00286-D-1) There is no space between F. and 3d because the Bluebook treats ordinals like single capital letters (R6.1(a)). The Bluebook dictates that you cite to the Supreme Court Reporterover the United States Supreme Court Reports--Lawyers' Edition (Table 1, p. 233). 0000018840 00000 n Feb. 3, 2012). Attorneys who appear in both state and federal courts must be familiar with the differences between the two systems. It published judicial opinions of the United States courts of appeals that were not expressly selected or designated for publication. Bill No. Case information is updated once an hour throughout the business day. Yet in practice, attorneys regularly use unpublished opinions to advise clients and . The short form of Roe v. Wade if Roe v. Wade was cited in the immediately preceding citation: Id. Other articles in this series examine differences in punitive damages, the jury system, evidentiary privileges, and class actions. 3d"); The abbreviation for the district court that issued the decision (within parenthesis); The abbreviation for the court that issued the decision (within open parenthesis); The full date of decision (within closed parenthesis). These guides may not be sold. (E.g., Alvarenga-V illalobos v. Reno (N.D.Cal. The correct Bluebook citation nowreflects itssubsequent history: Lawson v. FMR LLC,670 F.3d 61 (1st Cir. (A) Unless otherwise ordered under (2): (A) An opinion is no longer considered published if the rendering court grants rehearing. If you are citing to a different page of the immediately preceding citation, cite "Id. 3 0 obj While the non-citation rule prohibits citation to any unpublished opinion, judicial notice pursuant to California Evidence Code section 452(d)(1) may be made as to the "[r]ecords of any court of this state . There should be no spaces between the page numbers and the dash, for example, 83-84. Unpublished federal appellate court decisions generally lack precedential value, but may be considered by courts as persuasive. First page where the case can be found in the reporter and pinpoint page if required; Abbreviation for the state court where the case was decided (within parentheses); and. [6], In 2006, because federal courts differed dramatically with respect to the restrictions that they . 0000012940 00000 n Florida Supreme Court decision (same as Rule 9.800): Am. As a matter of competence, lawyers who practice in state and federal courts should stay familiar with these differences. (6) Involves a legal issue of continuing public interest; Filing 7. (F. 0000014514 00000 n (1) The Supreme Court may order that an opinion certified for publication is not to be published or that an opinion not certified is to be published. Bluebook Rule 10 covers how cases should be cited in legal documents. 22-6764. 2d 430 (2014). Federal courts have allowed citation of unpublished decisions since 2007. As amended through January 27, 2023. It says nothing about what effect a court must give to one of its unpublished opinions or to the unpublished opinions of another court. Under Rule 32.1(b), a party who cites an opinion of a federal court must provide a copy of that opinion to the court of appeals and to the other parties, unless that opinion is available in a publicly accessible electronic databasesuch as a commercial database maintained by a legal research service or a database maintained by a court. [9] This Northern District of California rule must be read in concert with the controlling circuit rule noted above. Although federal district court opinions are not binding precedent, litigants occasionally request that district courts de-publish their opinions. [8] See Circuit Rules 36-3; Fed. (4) Advances a new interpretation, clarification, criticism, or construction of a provision of a constitution, statute, ordinance, or court rule; In the Northern District of California, unpublished federal opinions predating 2007 may be used only in limited circumstances set forth in the local rules. hbba`b``3I0 P endstream endobj 180 0 obj <>/Metadata 17 0 R/PageLabels 14 0 R/Pages 16 0 R/StructTreeRoot 19 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 181 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 2/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 594.0 774.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 182 0 obj <>stream Some district court cases also are unreported, which is a separate concept that has become largely irrelevant given the accessibility of most district court opinions online (see Calhoun v. Colvin, 959 F. Supp. In the system of common law, each judicial decision becomes part of the body of law used in future decisions. [10] See Am. Many cases are unpublished, but still available in databases, such asWestlaw, Lexis, Bloomberg Law, or elsewhere. [7] The FRAP, adopted by the Ninth Circuit, prohibit district courts from limiting citations of federal opinions or orders issued after January 1, 2007.[8]. Moreover, each district court falls under the jurisdiction of a circuit court, and the opinions of that circuit court will be binding on that district court. While some rules have harmonized over time,[1]other procedures are entirely distinct. For brief format, use italics for a case name. Federal case citations usually indicate the deciding court and year in a parenthetical following the reporter citation: For example, theLawson v. FMR LLCcase was eventually reversed by the United States Supreme Court. [4] See TBG Ins. Before 2016, a grant of review of an appellate opinion automatically depublished the opinion creating a minefield when looking to newly issued cases. For all other state abbreviations, there should be a space between the geographical abbreviation and the district court. Under Supreme Court Rule 7.04, you should not cite unpublished decisions unless it has persuasive value and would help the court. In the federal courts, circuit courts tend to follow decisions previously issued within that circuit. When citing Supreme Court cases, you must cite to the official Supreme Court reporter, United States Reports. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit Case: 4:99-cv-01687-CAS Doc. Consult your state court's local rules to find out whether the parallel citation is necessary. andtheordinals2d and3d (F. Supp. Where a jurisdiction's cases are published in more than one reporter. However, at least one state Court of Appeal has expressed skepticism over citations to unpublished out-of-state opinions.[10]. Proposed Local Rule Amendments. Many cases are unpublished, but still available in databases, such as Westlaw, Lexis, Bloomberg Law, or elsewhere. Citation of Unpublished Opinions. MEMORANDUM AND ORDER This closed matter under 28 U.S.C. The links below will take you to the GPO website and search for the opinions as described. In the Northern District of California, unpublished federal opinions predating 2007 may be used only in limited circumstances set forth in the local rules. 2015). Department of Legal Affairs v. District Court of Appeal, Fifth Circuit, 434 So.2d 310 (Fla. 1983) (petition for mandamus to permit citation of unwritten opinions) Georgia Unreported decision is neither physical nor binding precedent Georgia Court of Federal District Court Cases 5 (2009-2010 Reg. 2. the case docket number; Online, Inc. v. Superior Court (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 1, 6, fn.2, as mod. Decisions of the United States Courts of Appealsare usually found in one of two reporters: Note that ordinals like2d and3d in the examples above are treated by Bluebook rules as single capital letters,which is why there is no spacebetween F. and 2d in F.2d or F. and 3d in F.3d. The short form of Roe v. Wade if Roe v. Wade was cited in the immediately preceding citation: he short form of Roe v. Wade if there's an intervening citation to another source: University of South Carolina School of Law, Finding Federal Statutes Using Westlaw & Lexis, Updating Federal Statutes & Finding Other Resources Using Citators (KeyCite & Shepard's), Finding Federal Cases Using Westlaw & Lexis, Updating Federal Cases & Finding Other Resources Using Citators (KeyCite & Shepard's), Finding Federal Regulations in Print & online, Finding Federal Regulations Using Westlaw & Lexis, Updating Federal Regulations & Finding Other Resources Using Citators (KeyCite & Shepards). As a matter of strategy, when a party has the option to litigate in either forum, the differences may present a tactical edge. 0000003855 00000 n (2) Applies an existing rule of law to a set of facts significantly different from those stated in published opinions; July 28, 2010). Year the case was decided (within parentheses). In some cases, it can be used as a persuasive authority. California has no rule prohibiting the citation of unpublished out-of-state or unpublished federal opinions. 2010), F. Supp. 2012). Since you will use the information in Table T.1 often throughout your legal career, you should take the time to become familiar with its content. In these instances, you cite to the case as published in one of theunofficial Supreme Court reporters, which are published more frequently: Supreme Court Reporter or United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Edition. A published California opinion may be cited or relied on as soon as it is certified for publication or ordered published. All seven regional reporters are published by the West Group. A parenthetical indicating the court and year of the decision. 12, 2006, eff. 3-4(e) Prohibition of Citation to Uncertified Opinion or Order: Any order or opinion that is designated: NOT FOR CITATION, pursuant to [N.D. But the circuits have differed dramatically with respect to the restrictions that they have placed on the citation of unpublished opinions for their persuasive value. For example, Eastern District is abbreviated by "E.D. When citing a U.S. Supreme Court case, you must cite to the official reporter, the United States Reports, if the case is published therein (Table 1, p.233). A citation to a case in the Supreme Court Reporterand the United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Editionhas the same five elements as a citation to the United States Reports,except the reporter abbreviation andvolume and page numbers are different. Except as provided in (e), an opinion of a Court of Appeal or a superior court appellate division is published in the Official Reports if a majority of the rendering court certifies the opinion for publication before the decision is final in that court. A citation to a case in the United StatesReports includes the following five elements: You may need to include a "pinpoint" citation, which is a citation tothe page(s) on which the specific material referenced appears. Pincites can consist of more than one page, in which case you should provide a page range. The Court reversed the decision of the First Circuit Court of Appeals by rulingthatthewhistleblower statute's protection includes employees of a public company's private contractors and subcontractors. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff - Appellee, v. LARRY RAY WARD, a/k/a Red, Defendant - Appellant. Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 permits attorneys to cite to federal courts of appeals their unpublished opinions issued 2007 or later. Instead, all district court decisions are cited in West's Federal Supplement. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 16 0 R 17 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> For example, in the citationRoe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 115 (1973), the pincite is 115. These are called "slip opinions." A citation to a court of appeals case in the Federal Reporter includes the following six elements: Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley, 273 F.3d 429 (2d Cir. (2) The request must be made by a letter to the court that rendered the opinion, concisely stating the person's interest and the reason why the opinion meets a standard for publication. [6] California Rules of Court, rule 8.1105(e). To cite to an unpublished case, list the following elements in this order: Name of the case (italicized or underlined); Docket number; Database identifier; The abbreviation for the court that issued the decision (within open parenthesis); The full date of decision (within closed parenthesis). Therefore, California opinions that are not citable in California state court are also not citable in the Northern District of California. 4 0 obj Code citations are to California state codes, e.g., the California Evidence Code, unless otherwise specified. H\Mn0>"" *H,"cT%g. 543 (2023). At any time after granting review or after decision on review, the Supreme Court may order that all or part of an opinion covered by (1) or (2) is not citable or has a binding or precedential effect different from that specified in (1) or (2). 0000009647 00000 n Aswith published/reported cases, you use, For example, In 2014, the United States Supreme Court. State names abbreviated with two single, adjacent capital letters (like N.Y. or S.C.) should not have a space between them and the district court. For example, the recent case Arellano v. Mcdonoughis not available in the U.S. Reports yet (as of 2/14/2023). HUyPi*I(i+=^k"^ *(&@ $+ ` G8L@ :KeDYuvvjkW/!)8"',5-5=w{br(>E$^BaK(=O-71oGZ|tX "@ ;NpFlA& 0_E`X xS= lAXvX 0000015478 00000 n UNPUBLISHED. Com. Federal rules provide that federal courts must allow parties to citeunpublished (or unreported) opinions issued on or after January 1, 2007. 0000010042 00000 n endobj #: 73 Filed: 10/14/09 Page: 1 of 14 . Thus, unlike circuit courts, federal district courts do not define stare decisis as strongly among published or unpublished decisions. %PDF-1.4 % However, there is generally a significant lag between when the Court decides a case and when it is published in the United States Reports. Therefore, a federal opinion or order, published or unpublished, issued since 2007 may be cited in any federal court in California. Unpublished opinions issued before 2007 may be cited to the courts if permitted by the courts' local rules. 2000). The California Appellate Courts Case Information System provides case information for California Supreme Court and Court of Appeal cases, including copies of opinions, both published and unpublished. 0000034910 00000 n Reported Opinions. Pincites are placed after the page on which the case begins, separated by a comma and one space. hb``b``c`c`0g`@ k9pA 2:19-CV-00152-JRG ORDER (5)Addresses or creates an apparent conflict in the law; The local rules of the Central, Eastern, and Southern Districts of California do not forbid citation of unpublished cases. 05-CR-6050 CJS(W.D.N.Y. Citing decisions. T10 = Geographic Abbreviations. 2d"). (8) Invokes a previously overlooked rule of law, or reaffirms a principle of law not applied in a recently reported decision; or UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF MISSOURI . Rule 8.1115's prohibition against citing unpublished opinions applies to California courts. If you are submitting legal documents to a state court, you may have to cite cases using state court reporters in addition to regional reporters. In federal court, while the rules are more relaxed, the question of whether an opinion may be cited may turn on when and where the opinion was issued. 2007). That does not give counsel an excuse to ignore the rules of court. (2) When the opinion is relevant to a criminal or disciplinary action because it states reasons for a decision affecting the same defendant or respondent in another such action. As of July 1, 2012, appellate cases are no longer published in the print reporter Ohio Appellate Reports. You need only cite a case in full the first time it is cited in a legal memo or brief. Cal.] The following table shows how the regional reporters and states correspond to each other. [9] This Northern District of California rule must be read in concert with the controlling circuit rule noted above. These changes address the concern of some state court judgesconveyed by Chief Justice Wells at the June 2004 Standing Committee meetingthat Rule 32.1 might have an impact on state law. 0000001214 00000 n Standing Orders. [2] In California state courts, unpublished opinions, with few exceptions, may not be cited. . Due to the time lag between the Court releasing a decision and the Printing Office's publication of that decision, however, it is possible that you may have to cite a Supreme Court case that does not yet have an official United States Reports cite. . No. Counsel's Request for Disclosure. In addition, under Rule 32.1(a), a court may not place any restriction on the citation of such opinions. Rule B10.1.2explains more on how to cite to the correct reporter. A published California opinion may be cited or relied on as soon as it is certified for publication or ordered published. 4. the star page number; and placed on the citation of unpublished opinions[,] the Rules Advisory Committee for the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure (FRAP) proposed that such restrictions be eliminated. Never use a short form citation that would be ambiguous. 0000023235 00000 n KANSAS CITATIONS CASELAW 1. Cummings Center for History of Psychology. [Former] Rule 977 of the California Rules of Court prohibits citation to our own state's unpublished opinions, thus we are hardly inclined to consider those of the Massachusetts Superior Court, federal district courts in Illinois and New York, or Florida trial courts and its Court of Appeal. These guides may be used for educational purposes, as long as proper credit is given. `ll3v{5p&23qfYfetOvx,^OszxtY0Aa1L(k^^yj~:Lt yqedFtVR#&+B[~ERm4%ngZRGtI54$W)d6Y[Ek\;hWtXc*=4R\ Vt]Eq%D~!Ff0J%&@1~^ ) {h"QW?i -T2|N}AEJ]ZdWL4FP; .qJWmal?t?oYNCdH9epN(3:wC}i-!6,>b4t9s0T[@Fo%b. The Northern District of California also does not allow citation to non-federal opinions or orders that would not be citable in their home jurisdiction. United States Reportsis theofficialreporter of the Supreme Court, so you must citeto itwhen possible. So it must be cited from the Supreme Court Reporter. The Northern District of California prohibits citation of uncertified opinions. 2884 (2013). To embed, copy and paste the code into your website or blog: Your first step to building a free, personalized, morning email brief covering pertinent authors and topics on JD Supra: [HOT] Read Latest COVID-19 Guidance, All Aspects [SCHEDULE] Upcoming COVID-19 Webinars & Online Programs, [GUIDANCE] COVID-19 and Force Majeure Considerations, [GUIDANCE] COVID-19 and Employer Liability Issues. Table T.1 includes the official names and legal citation abbreviations for federal and state reporters, and federal and state statutory compilations. as well as between the longer abbreviation Supp. Citing IL Case Law - Public Domain Citation Format (used for cases decided on or after 7/1/11) Generally you cite to the public domain citation (if one exists). (4) Advances a new interpretation, clarification, criticism, or construction of a provision of a constitution, statute, ordinance, or court rule; Online, Inc. v. Superior Court (2001) 90 Cal.App.4th 1, 6, fn.2, as mod. Sentencing Submission Notice of Defendant. The Bluebook requires a parallel cite to the regional reporter when citing to the public domain citation. Like the federal courts of appeals, cases from the federal district courts are not compiled in an official reporter. See "Jurisdiction Tables and Abbreviations," above.) Passenger Co., 908 So. To cite to a case in a regional reporter, list the following six elements in order: Consider, for example, the following citation: Watkins v. Alvey, 549 N.E.2d 74 (Ind. Additionally, any filing that references a portion of a different Western District of Michigan case record shall be preceded with the 13-digit case number for that other case (e.g., 1:15-cv-99999 PageID.234).. References to the record by PageID, following the proper cite form, display to the reviewing judicial officer with an electronic link to the precise page of the record where the evidence . Now, a published appellate opinion can only be depublished if the Supreme Court affirmatively depublishes it, or if the court rendering the opinion grants a rehearing. These guides may be used for educational purposes, as long as proper credit is given. In others, the old "Delaware style" of citation is required for case citations. Jones v. Southpeak Interactive Corp. of Delaware, 777 F.3d 658 (4th Cir. The abbreviation for the Supreme Court Reporter is "S. Ct." and the abbreviation for Lawyers' Edition is "L. on Judiciary, Analysis of Assem. Instead, many cases from the district courts arepublished in West'sFederal Supplement. This is not required by Ill. Sup. 0000014126 00000 n 0000002388 00000 n
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